A. G cells
B. Chief cells
C. Parietal (Oxyntic) cells
D. Mucous neck cells
# The digestion of carbohydrates begins in the:
A. Esophagus
B. Small intestine
C. Stomach
D. Mouth
# Which of the following hormones stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release bile?
A. Gastrin
B. Secretin
C. Somatostatin
D. Cholecystokinin (CCK)
# The functional unit of the liver is the:
A. Villus
B. Alveolus
C. Nephron
D. Hepatic lobule
# Brunner's glands are a characteristic feature of which part of the gastrointestinal tract?
A. Colon
B. Stomach
C. Ileum
D. Duodenum
# Which of the following enzymes is responsible for activating trypsinogen to trypsin?
A. Lipase
B. Enterokinase (enteropeptidase)
C. Chymotrypsin
D. Pepsin
# The absorption of Vitamin B12 requires the presence of:
A. Intrinsic Factor
B. Hydrochloric Acid
C. Amylase
D. Bile salts
# The waves of muscular contraction that propel contents through the GI tract are called:
A. Mastication
B. Segmentation
C. Haustration
D. Peristalsis
# The Kupffer cells of the liver are:
A. Hepatocytes
B. Bile duct epithelial cells
C. Specialized macrophages
D. Stellate cells (Ito cells)
# Fats are primarily absorbed into the body as chylomicrons via the:
A. Systemic capillaries
B. Central vein of the liver
C. Hepatic portal vein
D. Lacteals
# Peyer's patches are aggregates of lymphoid tissue found predominantly in the:
A. Duodenum
B. Ileum
C. Stomach
D. Esophagus
# Which of these is NOT a function of the liver?
A. Secretion of digestive enzymes like amylase and lipase
B. Detoxification of drugs and metabolic wastes
C. Storage of glycogen, iron, and vitamins
D. Synthesis of plasma proteins like albumin
# The folds in the lining of the stomach are called:
A. Rugae
B. Plicae circulares
C. Haustra
D. Villi
# The primary function of the large intestine is:
A. Absorption of water and electrolytes
B. Digestion of proteins
C. Absorption of most nutrients
D. Secretion of bile
# The sphincter that controls the passage of chyme from the stomach to the duodenum is the:
A. Pyloric sphincter
B. Ileocecal valve
C. Lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter
D. Sphincter of Oddi
# Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase are enzymes that digest:
A. Proteins
B. Nucleic acids
C. Carbohydrates
D. Lipids
# Which layer of the GI tract wall contains the myenteric plexus (Auerbach's plexus)?
A. Muscularis externa
B. Mucosa
C. Submucosa
D. Serosa
# The hormone secretin is released in response to:
A. The presence of glucose in the duodenum
B. The presence of fat in the duodenum
C. Stretching of the stomach wall
D. The presence of acidic chyme in the duodenum
# The final products of carbohydrate digestion, which are absorbed by the small intestine, are:
A. Disaccharides (sucrose, lactose)
B. Polysaccharides (starch, glycogen)
C. Amino acids
D. Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose)
# Jaundice is a condition caused by the accumulation of which substance in the blood?
A. Cholesterol
B. Urea
C. Albumin
D. Bilirubin
# Which of the following structures increases the surface area for absorption in the small intestine the most?
A. Rugae
B. Villi
C. Plicae circulares
D. Microvilli (brush border)
# The taeniae coli are bands of longitudinal smooth muscle found in the:
A. Small intestine
B. Esophagus
C. Stomach
D. Large intestine
# Saliva contains all of the following EXCEPT:
A. Lysozyme
B. Salivary amylase
C. Mucin
D. Pepsin
# The process of emulsification of fats is aided by:
A. Chylomicrons
B. Micelles
C. Bile salts
D. Pancreatic lipase
# Which phase of gastric secretion is triggered by the thought, sight, or smell of food?
A. Intestinal phase
B. Cephalic phase
C. Gastric phase
D. Duodenal phase
# A deficiency of lactase enzyme leads to:
A. Celiac disease
B. Gallstones
C. Lactose intolerance
D. Peptic ulcer
# The hepatic portal vein carries blood from the GI tract to the:
A. Kidney
B. Heart
C. Spleen
D. Liver
# Which of these is absorbed in the large intestine?
A. Amino acids
B. Vitamin K produced by bacteria
C. Fatty acids
D. Glucose
# The submucosal plexus (Meissner's plexus) primarily controls:
A. Contraction of the gallbladder
B. Glandular secretion and local blood flow
C. Contraction of the muscularis mucosae
D. Peristalsis and segmentation
# Which statement about bile is FALSE?
A. It contains digestive enzymes for fat breakdown.
B. It is synthesized by hepatocytes in the liver.
C. It contains waste products like bilirubin.
D. It is stored and concentrated in the gallbladder.
# The majority of water absorption from chyme occurs in the:
A. Stomach
B. Jejunum
C. Duodenum
D. Small intestine, with the remainder in the large intestine.
# The enzyme pepsin is most active at a pH of:
A. 6.8 - 7.0
B. 4.5 - 5.5
C. 7.5 - 8.5
D. 1.5 - 3.5
# Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is primarily caused by the malfunction of the:
A. Pyloric sphincter
B. Lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
C. Upper esophageal sphincter
D. Diaphragmatic cruise
# The three parts of the small intestine in the correct order from the stomach to the large intestine are:
A. Jejunum, Duodenum, Ileum
B. Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
C. Ileum, Jejunum, Duodenum
D. Duodenum, Ileum, Jejunum
# The vermiform appendix is a small, blind-ended tube attached to the:
A. Ileum
B. Cecum
C. Duodenum
D. Sigmoid colon
# The primary stimulus for the secretion of gastrin is:
A. Peptides and amino acids in the stomach
B. Sympathetic nervous stimulation
C. Acid in the stomach
D. Fat in the duodenum
# Which of the following is NOT a component of the portal triad found at the corners of a liver lobule?
A. A branch of the hepatic artery
B. A central vein
C. A branch of the hepatic portal vein
D. A bile duct
# The swallowing process, or deglutition, has a voluntary phase and an involuntary phase. The involuntary phase is controlled by the:
A. Myenteric plexus
B. Swallowing center in the medulla and pons
C. Cerebral cortex
D. Cerebellum
# Which vitamin's absorption would be most affected by a complete lack of bile?
A. Vitamin C
B. Vitamin K
C. Folic acid
D. Vitamin B12
# Cirrhosis of the liver is best described as:
A. Diffuse fibrosis and distortion of normal liver architecture
B. Acute inflammation of the liver
C. Formation of stones in the bile ducts
D. Fatty infiltration of the liver
# The hormone motilin is responsible for:
A. Inhibiting gastric emptying
B. Relaxing the sphincter of Oddi
C. Stimulating the migrating motor complex (MMC)
D. Stimulating insulin release
# The parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands are all types of:
A. Endocrine glands
B. Salivary glands
C. Gastric glands
D. Sebaceous glands
# Carboxypeptidase, an enzyme from the pancreas, is a type of:
A. Exopeptidase
B. Nuclease
C. Endopeptidase
D. Disaccharidase
# The main blood supply to the foregut (esophagus, stomach, proximal duodenum, liver, pancreas) is the:
A. Superior mesenteric artery (SMA)
B. Celiac trunk
C. Renal artery
D. Inferior mesenteric artery (IMA)
# The sensation of hunger is primarily controlled by the:
A. Cerebral cortex
B. Stomach
C. Adrenal gland
D. Hypothalamus
# What is the role of the soft palate and uvula during swallowing?
A. To initiate the peristaltic wave
B. To grind and lubricate the food bolus
C. To close off the nasopharynx
D. To close off the trachea
# Infection with Helicobacter pylori is a major cause of:
A. Inflammatory bowel disease
B. Peptic ulcer disease and gastritis
C. Celiac disease
D. Lactose intolerance
# The gastrocolic reflex results in:
A. Contraction of the gallbladder
B. Increased secretion of gastric acid
C. Relaxation of the ileocecal valve
D. Mass movements in the colon
# The final stage of protein digestion, yielding free amino acids, is carried out by:
A. Trypsin and chymotrypsin in the small intestine lumen
B. Pepsin in the stomach
C. Bacterial enzymes in the large intestine
D. Brush border peptidases in the small intestine
# The Sphincter of Oddi regulates the flow of substances into the:
A. Duodenum from the common bile duct and pancreatic duct
B. Stomach from the esophagus
C. Small intestine from the stomach
D. Large intestine from the small intestine
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