The pneumotaxic center is located in the:

 # The pneumotaxic center is located in the:

 A. Cerebellum

 B. Hypothalamus

 C. Medulla oblongata

 D. Pons

The correct answer is D. Pons

Explanation: The pneumotaxic center, which helps regulate the rate and pattern of breathing by modulating the activity of the respiratory centers, is located in the pons, specifically in the upper part of the pons in the brainstem.

Lung volumes or capacity which cannot be measured by simple spirometry

 # Which of the following lung volumes or capacities cannot be measured by simple spirometry?

 A. Vital Capacity (VC)

B. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

C. Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

D. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

B. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

Explanation: Simple spirometry measures lung volumes and capacities that involve active breathing, such as Vital Capacity (VC), Inspiratory Capacity (IC), and Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV). However, Functional Residual Capacity (FRC), which is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal exhalation, cannot be measured directly by simple spirometry because it includes residual volume (RV), which requires specialized techniques like helium dilution, nitrogen washout, or body plethysmography to assess.

The structure that prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing is the:

 # The structure that prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing is the:

 A. Soft palate

 B. Glottis

 C. Uvula

 D. Epiglottis

The correct answer is D. Epiglottis.

The epiglottis is a flap of cartilage located at the base of the tongue that prevents food and liquids from entering the trachea during swallowing. When you swallow, the epiglottis folds over the glottis (the opening to the trachea), directing food and liquids into the esophagus.

• A. Soft palate: The soft palate helps close off the nasal cavity during swallowing but does not directly prevent food from entering the trachea.
• B. Glottis: The glottis is the opening to the trachea, not a structure that closes it off; it is covered by the epiglottis during swallowing.
• C. Uvula: The uvula helps with speech and directs food toward the esophagus but does not cover the trachea.