A. Insulin
B. Epinephrine
C. Cortisol
D. Glucagon
# A patient presents with bilateral exophthalmos, heat intolerance, weight loss, and an enlarged thyroid gland. Which condition is most likely?
A. Myxedema
B. Grave's disease
C. Cushing's syndrome
D. Addison's disease
# Which hormone is NOT synthesized by the anterior pituitary gland?
A. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
B. Growth Hormone (GH)
C. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
D. Oxytocin
# The primary function of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) is to:
A. Decrease blood calcium levels
B. Increase blood calcium levels
C. Decrease blood glucose levels
D. Increase blood glucose levels
# The Islets of Langerhans are found in which organ?
A. Spleen
B. Pancreas
C. Liver
D. Kidney
# Aldosterone, a mineralocorticoid, primarily acts on the:
A. Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
B. Loop of Henle
C. Proximal convoluted tubule
D. Glomerulus
# Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback loop?
A. Release of oxytocin during childbirth
B. Regulation of blood glucose by insulin
C. Regulation of cortisol by ACTH
D. Regulation of thyroxine by TSH
# The hormone responsible for the development and maintenance of female secondary sexual characteristics is:
A. Progesterone
B. Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
C. Estrogen
D. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
# Addison's disease is caused by the hyposecretion of hormones from the:
A. Adrenal medulla
B. Anterior pituitary
C. Adrenal cortex
D. Thyroid gland
# Which of the following hormones is derived from the amino acid tryptophan?
A. Melatonin
B. Testosterone
C. Thyroxine
D. Epinephrine
# Diabetes insipidus is characterized by polyuria and polydipsia, and is caused by a deficiency of:
A. Glucagon
B. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
C. Insulin
D. Aldosterone
# The second messenger cAMP is generated by the action of which enzyme?
A. Phosphodiesterase
B. Adenylyl cyclase
C. Phospholipase C
D. Tyrosine kinase
# Leydig cells (interstitial cells) in the testes are stimulated by which hormone to produce testosterone?
A. Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
B. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
C. Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
D. Inhibin
# Which of the following is a glucocorticoid?
A. Epinephrine
B. Aldosterone
C. Cortisol
D. Testosterone
# A goiter can be present in:
A. Neither hypothyroidism nor hyperthyroidism
B. Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism
C. Hypothyroidism only
D. Hyperthyroidism only
# The hormone that promotes the breakdown of glycogen to glucose (glycogenolysis) in the liver is:
A. Aldosterone
B. Glucagon
C. Insulin
D. Somatostatin
# Cushing's syndrome is characterized by excess levels of which hormone?
A. Insulin
B. Cortisol
C. Thyroxine
D. Growth Hormone
# The neurohypophysis is another name for the:
A. Anterior pituitary
B. Posterior pituitary
C. Adrenal medulla
D. Pineal gland
# Which hormone is responsible for milk ejection (the 'let-down' reflex)?
A. Estrogen
B. Progesterone
C. Prolactin
D. Oxytocin
# Which of these hormones is NOT a steroid?
A. Aldosterone
B. Testosterone
C. Epinephrine
D. Estradiol
# The cells that secrete calcitonin are the:
A. Parafollicular cells (C cells) of the thyroid
B. Chief cells of the parathyroid
C. Oxyphil cells of the parathyroid
D. Follicular cells of the thyroid
# The hyperglycemic effect of cortisol is due to:
A. Increasing glucose uptake by muscle cells
B. Inhibiting glucagon secretion
C. Promoting gluconeogenesis
D. Stimulating glycogenolysis in the liver
# Sertoli cells in the testes produce which hormone that specifically inhibits FSH secretion?
A. Androgen-Binding Protein (ABP)
B. Mullerian-Inhibiting Substance (MIS)
C. Testosterone
D. Inhibin
# Acromegaly results from hypersecretion of which hormone in an adult?
A. Growth Hormone (GH)
B. Thyroxine
C. ACTH
D. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
# The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is activated by:
A. High blood pressure
B. Low blood pressure or low blood sodium levels
C. High blood potassium levels
D. High blood sodium levels
# The hormone that prepares the uterus for implantation of the fertilized ovum and maintains pregnancy is:
A. Progesterone
B. Estrogen
C. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
D. Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
# Which of the following hormones would be elevated in a patient with endemic goiter due to iodine deficiency?
A. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
B. Calcitonin
C. Triiodothyronine (T3)
D. Thyroxine (T4)
# The adrenal medulla is embryologically derived from:
A. Notochord
B. Neural crest cells (ectoderm)
C. Endoderm
D. Mesoderm
# Insulin increases glucose uptake in which of the following tissues?
A. Brain
B. Liver
C. Red blood cells
D. Adipose tissue and resting skeletal muscle
# The half-life of a hormone in the blood is shortest for:
A. Thyroid hormones (e.g., Thyroxine)
B. Peptide hormones (e.g., Insulin)
C. Catecholamines (e.g., Epinephrine)
D. Steroid hormones (e.g., Cortisol)
# Somatostatin is secreted by the delta cells of the pancreas and has what primary action?
A. Inhibits both insulin and glucagon secretion
B. Stimulates insulin but inhibits glucagon
C. Stimulates both insulin and glucagon secretion
D. Stimulates glucagon but inhibits insulin
# The corpus luteum is formed from the remnants of the ovarian follicle after ovulation and primarily secretes:
A. Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
B. Progesterone and some estrogen
C. Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
D. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
# Hypocalcemic tetany (muscle spasms, cramps) is caused by a deficiency in which hormone?
A. Calcitonin
B. Aldosterone
C. Thyroxine
D. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
# The 'fight-or-flight' response is mediated by hormones from the:
A. Posterior pituitary
B. Adrenal cortex
C. Adrenal medulla
D. Thyroid gland
# Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF) is released by the heart in response to high blood pressure. Its action is to:
A. Decrease sodium and water reabsorption
B. Increase sodium and water reabsorption
C. Stimulate renin release
D. Cause vasoconstriction
# Which hormone has a 'diabetogenic' effect, meaning it tends to raise blood glucose and can cause hyperglycemia if secreted in excess?
A. Oxytocin
B. Growth Hormone (GH)
C. Aldosterone
D. Inhibin
# The conversion of thyroxine (T4) to the more active triiodothyronine (T3) primarily occurs in the:
A. Bloodstream
B. Anterior pituitary
C. Thyroid gland
D. Peripheral tissues, such as the liver and kidney
# A 45-year-old male presents with coarse facial features, enlarged hands and feet, and visual field defects. Blood tests would most likely reveal elevated levels of:
A. Cortisol
B. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
C. Thyroxine
D. Growth Hormone (GH) and IGF-1
# The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex secretes:
A. Androgens (e.g., DHEA)
B. Mineralocorticoids (e.g., Aldosterone)
C. Glucocorticoids (e.g., Cortisol)
D. Catecholamines (e.g., Epinephrine)
# The action of insulin is antagonized by all of the following hormones EXCEPT:
A. Aldosterone
B. Epinephrine
C. Cortisol
D. Glucagon
# Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) is structurally and functionally most similar to which pituitary hormone?
A. Prolactin
B. FSH
C. TSH
D. LH
# Which of the following conditions would result from a tumor of the adrenal medulla (pheochromocytoma)?
A. Hypoglycemia and weight gain
B. Hyperpigmentation and hyponatremia
C. Episodic hypertension, palpitations, and headache
D. Hypotension and bradycardia
# Prolactin secretion from the anterior pituitary is tonically inhibited by which substance from the hypothalamus?
A. Dopamine
B. Oxytocin
C. Serotonin
D. Prolactin-Releasing Hormone (PRH)
# The Wolff-Chaikoff effect describes:
A. The conversion of T4 to T3 in peripheral tissues.
B. The stimulation of thyroid hormone synthesis by TSH.
C. The inhibition of thyroid hormone synthesis by high levels of iodide.
D. The increase in thyroid vascularity caused by TSH.
# Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is best described as:
A. A deficiency of glucagon secretion.
B. An autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells.
C. A condition of insulin resistance in target tissues.
D. Overproduction of glucose by the liver.
# The 'permissive' effect of a hormone is when:
A. One hormone opposes the action of another hormone.
B. A single hormone produces multiple effects on different tissues.
C. One hormone is needed for another hormone to exert its full effect.
D. Two hormones together have a greater effect than the sum of their individual effects.
# The secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary is controlled by releasing and inhibiting hormones from the:
A. Adrenal gland
B. Thalamus
C. Hypothalamus
D. Posterior pituitary
# Which layer of the adrenal cortex is primarily regulated by the renin-angiotensin system and plasma K+ levels, rather than ACTH?
A. Adrenal medulla
B. Zona reticularis
C. Zona glomerulosa
D. Zona fasciculata
# The pineal gland produces melatonin, which is involved in regulating:
A. Metabolic rate
B. Body temperature
C. Circadian rhythms
D. Blood calcium levels
# Ketoacidosis is a life-threatening complication most likely to occur in a patient with:
A. Type 2 Diabetes
B. Hyperthyroidism
C. Diabetes Insipidus
D. Untreated Type 1 Diabetes
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